\begin
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%New Commands
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\newcommand{\mytitle}{Template Example: Solution of the Heat Conduction in Solid-State Electronics by Integral Transforms}
\author[\scriptsize
Prof. Daniel J. N. M. Chalhub -- daniel.chalhub@uerj.br
]
{
\textbf{Prof. Daniel J. N. M. Chalhub} (Presenter)
\\
Lívia M. Corrêa
}
\institute[UERJ]{
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\column{1\textwidth}
\centering
Dep. of Mech. Engineering -- PPG-EM,\\
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, \\
Rio de Janeiro - RJ, Brazil
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\normalsize \emph{\event{} -- \eventdate}
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\begin{document}
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\begin{frame}
\titlepage
\end{frame}
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\section{Introduction}
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\begin{frame}{Introduction}\includelogo
One of the biggest challenges on the design of modern electronic devices is the thermal control.
\vspace{1em}
In this work, it is proposed a solution by Classical Integral Transform Technique(CITT) to solve a heat conduction problem on Solid-State Electronics (SSE) considering heat generation and external convection.
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Solid State Electronics (SSE)}\includelogo
Solid-state electronics (SSE) are those circuits or devices built entirely from solid materials and in which the electrons, or other charge carriers, are encapsulated within the solid material.
\vspace{0.5em}
Exemples: Transistors, Microprocessors, Random Access Memory (RAM), Itegrated Circuits (IC).
\begin{figure}
\centering
%\caption{Contour plot of the heat generation considered cases.} \label{heatgenimage}
\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\subfloat{%: $\xi_0=1/2$ and $\eta_0=1/2$]{%\label{centralheat}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.2\hsize]{Figuras/ic.jpg}}}
\hspace*{0.2cm}
\subfloat{% $\xi_0=1/4$ and $\eta_0=2/5$]{%\label{initialheat}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.25\hsize]{Figuras/ram.jpg}}}
\hspace*{0.2cm}
\subfloat{% $\xi_0=1/4$ and $\eta_0=2/5$]{%\label{initialheat}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.25\hsize]{Figuras/processor.jpg}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}{Substrate}\includelogo
Substrate is a solid substance and serve as the foundation upon which electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and especially Integrated Circuits (ICs) are encapsulated.
\vspace{0.5em}
Example of substrate's materials:
\begin{itemize}
\item silicon
\item silicon dioxide
\item aluminum oxide
\item sapphire
\end{itemize}
The advantage of this is the superior insulation between adjacent transistors.
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Exemple of SSE: Integrated Circuit}\includelogo
\begin{figure}
\centering
\subfloat{
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.4\hsize]{Figuras/microchip.jpg}}}
\hspace*{0.2cm}
\subfloat{
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.3\hsize]{Figuras/microchip-microscopio.jpg}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\section{Mathematical Formulation}
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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\begin{frame}{Problem Description}\includelogo
\centering\includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{Figuras/volcontrol}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Problem Formulation}\includelogo
The nondimensionalization of the problem leads to the following mathematical formulation:
%
\small
\begin{gather*}\label{equation}
\frac{\partial^2\Theta}{\partial \xi^2}+
\beta^2 \frac{\partial^2\Theta}{\partial \eta^2}-(\Bi \gamma) \Theta =-G(\xi,\eta) \quad \text{for} \quad 0\leq \xi \leq 1 \quad \text{and} \quad 0\leq \eta \leq 1
\\
\left.\frac{\partial\Theta}{\partial \xi}\right|_{\xi=0}=0; \qquad \left.\frac{\partial\Theta}{\partial \eta}\right|_{\eta=0}=0; \\ \left.\frac{\partial\Theta}{\partial \xi}\right|_{\xi=1}=0; \qquad \left.\frac{\partial\Theta}{\partial \eta}\right|_{\eta=1}=0;
\end{gather*}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\section{Methodology}
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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\begin{frame}{Classical Integral Transform Technique}\includelogo
In order to solve the proposed problem, the Classical Integral Transform Technique (CITT) is applied, considering the appropriate Helmholtz Eigenvalue Problem in cartesian coordinates.
\begin{gather*}
\Psi_n''(\eta)+\lambda_n^2\Psi_n(\eta)=0 \\
\Psi_n'(0)=0; \quad \Psi_n'(1)=0.
\end{gather*}
where $\Psi(\eta)$ are the eigenfunctions and $\lambda_n$ are the eigenvalues. For this particular problem, the case where $\lambda=0$ also exists.
For $\lambda=0$, the solution of the eigenvalue problem is given by:
\begin{gather*}
\Psi_0(\eta)=1; \qquad \lambda_0=0;
\end{gather*}
%
And for $\lambda>0$:
\begin{gather*}
\Psi_n(\eta)=\cos(\lambda_n \eta); \qquad \lambda_n=n \pi, \quad \text{for} \quad n=1,2,3,\dots
\end{gather*}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Classical Integral Transform Technique}\includelogo
To apply the CITT, the transformation pair is defined.
\begin{varblock}[10cm]{Transformation Pair}
\begin{align*}
%\label{transformada}\quad
\text{Transformation} \quad &\Rightarrow \quad
\bar{\Theta}_n(\xi)=\int_{0}^{1}\Theta\Psi_n(\eta)\dd\eta\\
%\qquad\label{eq:inversion}
\text{Inversion} \quad & \Rightarrow \quad \Theta= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{ \bar{\Theta}_n(\xi)\Psi_n(\eta)}{N_n}
\end{align*}
\vspace{0em}
\end{varblock}
$N_n$ is the norm and is defined as:
%
\begin{gather*}
N_n=\int_{0}^{1}\Psi_n^2 \dd \eta
\end{gather*}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Classical Integral Transform Technique}\includelogo
The dimensionless diferential equation is written again, \\
multiplied by $\Psi_n$ and integrated in the domain for $\eta$.
\begin{gather*}
\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\partial ^2 \Theta}{\partial\xi ^2} \Psi_n d\eta+\beta^2\int_{0}^{1}\frac{\partial ^2 \Theta}{\partial\eta ^2}\Psi_n d\eta - \Bi\gamma\int_{0}^{1}\Theta\Psi_n d\eta=- \int_{0}^{1}G\Psi_n d\eta
\end{gather*}
The transformed equation is obtained and admits an analytical solution.
\begin{columns}[t]
\begin{column}{5cm}
For $\lambda > 0$:
\small
\begin{gather*}
%\text{For}\quad\lambda > 0\rightarrow
\bar{\Theta}_n''+(-\beta^2\lambda_n^2-\Bi\gamma)\bar{\Theta}_n=-\bar{G}_n(\xi)\\
\bar{\Theta}_n'(0)=0; \quad \bar{\Theta}_n'(1)=0\\
%\end{gather*}
%\begin{gather*}
\text{where} \\\bar{G}_n(\xi)= \int_{0}^{1}G(\xi,\eta)\Psi_n(\eta)\dd\eta
\end{gather*}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{5cm}
For $\lambda = 0$:
\small
\begin{gather*}
\bar{\Theta}_0''-(\Bi\gamma)\bar{\Theta}_0=-\bar{G}_0(\xi)\\
\bar{\Theta}_0'(0)=0; \quad \bar{\Theta}_0'(1)=0\\
%\end{gather*}
%\begin{gather*}
\text{where}\\\bar{G}_0(\xi)= \int_{0}^{1}G(\xi,\eta)\dd\eta
\end{gather*}
\end{column}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Classical Integral Transform Technique}\includelogo
The transformed equations admit a analytical solutions. \\[1em]
In order to obtain the final temperature field, the inversion formula must be utilized and the summation must be truncated to a finite value ($\nmax$).
\begin{align*}
\text{Inversion} \quad & \Rightarrow \quad \Theta= \sum_{n=0}^{\nmax} \frac{ \bar{\Theta}_n(\xi)\Psi_n(\eta)}{N_n}
\end{align*}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\section{Results}
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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\begin{frame}{Heat Generation}\includelogo
\scriptsize{
\begin{gather*}\label{eq:heatgen}
%G(\xi,\eta)=\frac{Gen}{\sigma^2\pi}\exp\left[-\frac{{(\xi-0.25)^2+(\eta-0.4)^2}}{\sigma^2}\right]
G(\xi,\eta)=\frac{G_e}{\sigma^2\pi}\exp\left[-\frac{{(\xi-\xi_0)^2+(\eta-\eta_0)^2}}{\sigma^2}\right]
\end{gather*}
For this current work, two cases are considered:
\begin{itemize}
\item Centered HG where $\xi_0=1/2$ and $\eta_0=1/2$
\item Off-Centered HG where $\xi_0=1/4$ and $\eta_0=2/5$
\end{itemize}
For both cases $G_e=1$ and $\sigma=0.1$. }
\vspace*{-1.5em}
\begin{figure}
\centering
%\caption{Contour plot of the heat generation considered cases.} \label{heatgenimage}
%\hspace*{-6cm}
\subfloat[][Centered HG]{%: $\xi_0=1/2$ and $\eta_0=1/2$]{%\label{centralheat}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.25\hsize]{Figuras/contour-geracao-central.pdf}}}
\hspace*{1cm}
\subfloat[][ Off-Centered HG]{% $\xi_0=1/4$ and $\eta_0=2/5$]{%\label{initialheat}
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.25\hsize]{Figuras/contour-geracao-assimetrica.pdf}}}
%\\
%\source{Citação da fonte ou `O autor'. (opcional)}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Results}\includelogo
\tiny
\begin{table}[h!]
\caption{$\Theta(\xi,\eta)$ convergence solved for Centered HG by CITT}\vspace{-.7em} %\label{tab:geracaonomeio}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{1.5pt}
\renewcommand\arraystretch{1}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}%c|
\hline
&\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=1 \& $\beta$=1}& \multicolumn{4}{c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=0.1 \& $\beta$=1} \\ \hline
$\nmax$ &$\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6, 0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9)&$\Theta$(0.2, 0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5, 0.5)&$\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9) \\\hline
1 & 0.981222 & 1.05643 & 1.03739 & 0.966733 & 9.98087 & 10.0575 & 10.0382 & 9.96593 \\
5 & 1.00221 & 1.18948 & 0.997708 & 0.954075 & \bfseries 10.0025 & 10.1922 & 9.99803 & \bfseries 9.95274 \\
10 & \bfseries 1.00213 & 1.20298 & 1.00209 & \bfseries 0.954083 & 10.0025 & 10.2058 & 10.0024 & 9.95274 \\
%15 & 1.00213 & 1.20322 & 1.00213 & 0.954083 & 15 & 10.0025 & 10.2060 & 10.0025 & 9.95274 \\
20 & 1.00213 & \bfseries 1.20323 & \bfseries 1.00213 & 0.954083 & 10.0025 & \bfseries 10.2060 & \bfseries 10.0025 & 9.95274 \\
%25 & 1.00213 & 1.20323 & 1.00213 & 0.954083 & 25 & 10.0025 & 10.2060 & 10.0025 & 9.95274 \\
30 & 1.00213 & 1.20323 & 1.00213 & 0.954083 & 10.0026 & 10.2060 & 10.0025 & 9.95274 \\
\hline
&\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=1 \& $\beta$=0.8} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=0.1 \& $\beta$=0.8} \\ \hline
$\nmax$ & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9) & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)&$\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9)\\ \hline
1 & 0.981222 & 1.05643 & 1.03739 & 0.966733 & 9.98087 & 10.0575 & 10.0382 & 9.96593 \\
5 & 1.01980 & 1.23495 & 0.980675 & 0.940388 & 10.0212 & 10.2395 & 9.98041 & 9.93805 \\
10 & \bfseries 1.01957 & 1.25429 & 0.987398 & \bfseries 0.940418 & \bfseries 10.0210 & 10.2589 & 9.98715 & \bfseries 9.93808 \\
%15 & 1.01957 & 1.25466 & 0.987466 & 0.940418 & 15 & 10.0210 & 10.2593 & 9.98722 & 9.93808 \\
20 & 1.01957 & \bfseries 1.25467 & \bfseries 0.987461 & 0.940418 & 10.0210 & \bfseries 10.2593 & \bfseries 9.98722 & 9.93808 \\
%25 & 1.01957 & 1.25467 & 0.987461 & 0.940418 & 25 & 10.0210 & 10.2593 & 9.98722 & 9.93808 \\
30 & 1.01957 & 1.25467 & 0.987461 & 0.940418 & 10.0210 & 10.2593 & 9.98722 & 9.93808 \\
\hline
&\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=1 \& $\beta$=0.5} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=0.1 \& $\beta$=0.5}\\ \hline
$\nmax$ & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9) & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9)\\\hline
1 & 0.981222 & 1.05643 & 1.03739 & 0.966733 & 9.98087 & 10.0575 & 10.0382 & 9.96593 \\
5 & 1.09885 & 1.38536 & 0.921228 & 0.874113 & 10.1105 & 10.4039 & 9.91626 & 9.86204 \\
10 & 1.09731 & 1.42441 & 0.936699 & 0.874431 & \bfseries 10.1090 & 10.4432 & 9.93187 & \bfseries 9.86236 \\
%15 & 1.09730 & 1.42523 & 0.936875 & 0.874429 & 15 & 10.1090 & 10.4440 & 9.93204 & 9.86236 \\
20 & \bfseries 1.09730 & \bfseries 1.42526 & \bfseries 0.936864 & \bfseries 0.874429 & 10.1090 & \bfseries 10.4441 & \bfseries 9.93203 & 9.86236 \\
%25 & 1.09730 & 1.42526 & 0.936864 & 0.874429 & 25 & 10.1090 & 10.4441 & 9.93203 & 9.86236 \\
30 & 1.09730 & 1.42526 & 0.936864 & 0.874429 & 10.1090 & 10.4441 & 9.93203 & 9.86236 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Results}\includelogo
\tiny
\begin{table}[h!]
\caption{$\Theta(\xi,\eta)$ convergence solved for Off-Centered HG by CITT}\vspace{-.7em} %\label{tab:geracaodeslocada}
\centering
\setlength\tabcolsep{1.5pt}
\renewcommand\arraystretch{1}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}%c|
\hline
&\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=1 \& $\beta$=1}& \multicolumn{4}{c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=0.1 \& $\beta$=1} \\ \hline
$\nmax$ & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9) & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9) \\\hline
1 & 1.14595 & 0.991937 & 0.920318 & 0.865087 & 10.1555 & 9.99006 & 9.91129 & 9.84928 \\
5 & 1.26434 & 1.02009 & 0.914914 & \bfseries 0.863013 & 10.2754 & 10.0190 & 9.90570 & \bfseries 9.84707 \\
10 & 1.27061 & \bfseries 1.01987 & \bfseries 0.91489 & 0.863013 & 10.2817 & \bfseries 10.0188 & \bfseries 9.90568 & 9.84707 \\
%15 & 1.27082 & 1.01987 & 0.91489 & 0.863013 & 15 & 10.2819 & 10.0188 & 9.90568 & 9.84707 \\
20 & \bfseries 1.27083 & 1.01987 & 0.91489 & 0.863013 & \bfseries 10.2819 & 10.0188 & 9.90568 & 9.84707 \\
%25 & 1.27083 & 1.01987 & 0.91489 & 0.863013 & 25 & 10.2819 & 10.0188 & 9.90568 & 9.84707 \\
30 & 1.27083 & 1.01987 & 0.91489 & 0.863013 & 10.2819 & 10.0188 & 9.90568 & 9.84707 \\
\hline
&\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=1 \& $\beta$=0.8} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=0.1 \& $\beta$=0.8} \\ \hline
$\nmax$ & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9) & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9)\\ \hline
1 & 1.1564 & 0.991937 & 0.900772 & 0.846859 & 10.1682 & 9.99006 & 9.88666 & 9.82559 \\
5 & 1.32297 & 1.04002 & 0.890144 & \bfseries 0.840922 & 10.3380 & 10.0401 & 9.87552 & \bfseries 9.81914 \\
10 & 1.33221 & \bfseries 1.03950 & \bfseries 0.890058 & 0.840922 & 10.3473 & \bfseries 10.0396 & \bfseries 9.87544 & 9.81914 \\
%15 & 1.33253 & 1.03950 & 0.890058 & 0.840922 & 15 & 10.3476 & 10.0396 & 9.87544 & 9.81914 \\
20 & \bfseries 1.33253 & 1.03950 & 0.890058 & 0.840922 & \bfseries 10.3476 & 10.0396 & 9.87544 & 9.81914 \\
%25 & 1.33253 & 1.03950 & 0.890058 & 0.840922 & 25 & 10.3476 & 10.0396 & 9.87544 & 9.81914 \\
30 & 1.33253 & 1.03950 & 0.890058 & 0.840922 & 10.3476 & 10.0396 & 9.87544 & 9.81914 \\
\hline
&\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=1 \& $\beta$=0.5} & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{$\Bi\gamma$=0.1 \& $\beta$=0.5}\\ \hline
$\nmax$ & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9,0.9) & $\Theta$(0.2,0.4)& $\Theta$(0.5,0.5)& $\Theta$(0.6,0.8)& $\Theta$(0.9, 0.9)\\\hline
1 & 1.18823 & 0.991937 & 0.830465 & 0.772371 & 10.2157 & 9.99006 & 9.77686 & 9.70579 \\
5 & 1.52152 & 1.12367 & 0.794684 & 0.738850 & 10.5654 & 10.1341 & 9.73726 & 9.66629 \\
10 & 1.54154 & 1.12104 & 0.793933 & \bfseries 0.738828 & 10.5855 & 10.1315 & 9.73650 & \bfseries 9.66627 \\
%15 & 1.54227 & 1.12102 & 0.793928 & 0.738828 & 15 & 10.5862 & 10.1314 & 9.73649 & 9.66627 \\
20 & 1.54228 & \bfseries 1.12102 & \bfseries 0.793928 & 0.738828 & \bfseries 10.5862 & \bfseries 10.1314 & \bfseries 9.73649 & 9.66627 \\
%25 & 1.54229 & 1.12102 & 0.793928 & 0.738828 & 25 & 10.5862 & 10.1314 & 9.73649 & 9.66627 \\
30 & \bfseries 1.54229 & 1.12102 & 0.793928 & 0.738828 & 10.5862 & 10.1314 & 9.73649 & 9.66627 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Results}\includelogo
\begin{figure}[!h]
\centering
\caption{Illustration of the solution by CITT with the different heat generation positions with the parameters of $\Bi\gamma$=1 and $\beta$=1.}
\subfloat[][Off-Centered HG case ]{
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.30\hsize]{Figuras/contour-citt-assimetrico.pdf}}}
\hspace*{1cm} %\\
\subfloat[][Centered HG case]{
\fbox{\includegraphics[width=0.30\hsize]{Figuras/contour-citt-central.pdf}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
\section{Conclusions}
%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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\begin{frame}{Conclusions}\includelogo
\begin{itemize}
\item The solution is fully analytical
\vspace{2em}
\item CITT had a great performance to obtain high accuracy with very few terms in the solution summation.
\vspace{2em}
\item This is a preliminary work and for near future works, one can propose: Use of the complete Heat Generation and variation of the heat conductivity.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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\begin{frame}{Acknowledgments}\includelogo
\begin{center}
\Huge \textbf{Thank You}
\end{center}
\vspace{3em}
\hrule
\vspace{2mm}
\textbf{Acknowledgments:}
\vspace{2mm}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[height=2em]{Agencies/Capes.jpg}
\hspace{5mm}
\includegraphics[height=2em]{Agencies/Cnpq.png}
\hspace{5mm}
\includegraphics[height=2em]{Agencies/Faperj.jpg}
\hspace{5mm}\\[5mm]
\includegraphics[height=4em]{LogoPPGEM-color.png}
\hspace{5mm}
\includegraphics[height=4em]{Logo-UERJ.png}
\hspace{0mm}
\end{center}
\end{frame}
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\begin{frame}\includelogo
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\frametitle{Lists - Examples}
\begin{itemize}
\item Point A
\item Point B
\begin{itemize}
\item part 1
\item part 2
\end{itemize}
\item Point C
\end{itemize}
\begin{enumerate}[I]
\item Point A
\item Point B
\begin{enumerate}[i]
\item part 1
\item part 2
\end{enumerate}
\item Point C
\end{enumerate}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
\begin{description}
\item[API] Application Programming Interface
\item[LAN] Local Area Network
\item[ASCII] American Standard Code for Information Interchange
\end{description}
\end{columns}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{Block Texts - Examples}\includelogo
\begin{block}{Block Title}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit,
sed do eiusmod
\end{block}
\begin{alertblock}{Block Title}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor
\end{alertblock}
\begin{definition}
A prime number is a number that...
\end{definition}
\begin{example}
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit,
sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et
dolore magna aliqua.
\end{example}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}[fragile]{Including Code - Examples}\includelogo
\begin{lstlisting}
\begin{gather}
\frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial x^2} +
\frac{\partial^2 T}{\partial y^2}
= 0
\end{gather}
\end{lstlisting}
\end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%\bibliographystyle{plain}
% \begin{frame}{References}\includelogo
% \bibliography{livia}
% \end{frame}
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
%^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
\end{document}