Counting Principles, Permutation and Combination
Author:
Hemanga
Last Updated:
9 yıl önce
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Abstract:
My M.Sc project
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\title{COUNTING PRINCIPLES, PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION}
\author{ \bf HEMANGA DUTTA}
\institute[]{\includegraphics[height=1in]{tu.jpg}{\vspace{.3cm}}\\ \bf M.Sc IN MATHEMATICS{\vspace{.3cm}} \\ ROLL NO. : MSM14039{\vspace{.3cm}}\\ {\bf TEZPUR UNIVERSITY}}
\date{\hspace{8cm} }
\begin{document}
\begin{frame}
\maketitle
\end{frame}
%\begin{frame}
%\frametitle{Sumário}
%\tableofcontents
%\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{OUTLINE}
In this presentation, we are going to discuss about,
\begin{enumerate}
\item {\bf Four Basic Counting Principles}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Addition
\item Multiplication
\item Subtraction
\item Division{\vspace{.5cm}}
\end{enumerate}
\item {\bf Permutation}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Permutation of Multiset{\vspace{.5cm}}
\end{enumerate}
\item {\bf Combination}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Combination of multiset
\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
There are {\it \bf FOUR} basics counting principle .they are,{\vspace{.5cm}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item {\Large \bf Addition} {\vspace{.5cm}}
\item {\Large \bf Multiplication}{\vspace{.5cm}}
\item {\Large \bf Subtraction}{\vspace{.5cm}}
\item {\Large \bf Division }
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{ \Large {\bf ADDITION PRINCIPLE :}}
{ \it{ Suppose that a set $S$ is partitioned into parts $S_1$,$S_2$,\dots ,$S_m$. The number of of objects in S can be determined by finding the number of objects in each parts, and adding the numbers so obtaine:}}
$$|S| = |S_1|+|S_2|+\dots +|S_m|$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{ \Large {\bf ADDITION PRINCIPLE :}}
{ \it{ Suppose that a set $S$ is partitioned into parts $S_1$,$S_2$,\dots ,$S_m$. The number of of objects in S can be determined by finding the number of objects in each parts, and adding the numbers so obtaine:}}
$$|S| = |S_1|+|S_2|+\dots +|S_m|$$
{ {\bf Example : }A student wishes to take either a mathematics course or a biology course, but not both. If there are 4 mathematics courses and 3 biology courses for which the student has the necessary prerequisites, then the student can choose a course to take in 4+3=7 ways.}\\
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\Large \bf MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE :}
{\it Let $S$ be a set of ordered pair $ (a,b) $ of objects, where the first object $a$ comes from a set of size $p$, and for each choice of $a$ there are $q$ choices for object $b$. Then the size of $S$ is $ p\times q:$}\\$$|S|= p \times q.$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\Large \bf MULTIPLICATION PRINCIPLE :}
{\it Let $S$ be a set of ordered pair $ (a,b) $ of objects, where the first object $a$ comes from a set of size $p$, and for each choice of $a$ there are $q$ choices for object $b$. Then the size of $S$ is $ p\times q:$}\\$$|S|= p \times q.$$
The multiplication principle is actually a consequence of the addition principle. Let $a_1,a_2,\dots,a_p$ be the $p$ different choices for the object $a$. We partition $S$ into parts $S_1,S_2
,\dots,S_p$ where $S_i$ is the set of ordered pairs in $S$ with first object $a_i$, ($i$=1,2,\dots,$p$). The size of each $|S_i|$ is $q$; hence, by the addition principle,
\begin{center}
$|S|=|S_1|+|S_2|+\dots+|S_p|$\\
$=q+q+\dots+q$\\
$ =p\times q$
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\bf Example 1: }A student is to take two courses. The first meets at any one of 3 hours in the morning, and the second at any one of 4 hours in the afternoon. The number of schedules that are possible for the student is $ 3 \times 4 = 12 $.\\
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles }
{\bf Example 1: }A student is to take two courses. The first meets at any one of 3 hours in the morning, and the second at any one of 4 hours in the afternoon. The number of schedules that are possible for the student is $ 3 \times 4 = 12 $.\\
{\bf Example 2: }Chalk comes in three different length, 8 different colors, and 4 different diameters. How many different kind of chalk are there ?\\
{\bf Ans. }To determine a piece of chalk we carry out 3 different task : choose a length, choose a color, choose a diameter. By the multiplication principle, there are $ 3\times8\times4 = 96 $ different kinds of chalk.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\Large \bf SUBTRACTION PRINCIPLE : }
{\it Let $A$ be a set and let $U$ be a larger set containing $ A$. Let
$$\overline{A}= \{ x\in U: x \not\in A\} $$
be the complement of $ A$ in $U$. Then the number $|A|$ of objects in $A$ is given by the rule
$$|A|=|U|-|\overline{A}|.$$}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\Large \bf SUBTRACTION PRINCIPLE : }
{\it Let $A$ be a set and let $U$ be a larger set containing $ A$. Let
$$\overline{A}= \{ x\in U: x \not\in A\} $$
be the complement of $ A$ in $U$. Then the number $|A|$ of objects in $A$ is given by the rule
$$|A|=|U|-|\overline{A}|.$$}
In applying the subtraction principle, the set $U$ is usualy some natural set consisting of all the objects under discussion (the so-called universal set). Using the subtraction principle makes sense only if it is esier to count the number of objects in $U$ and $|\overline{A}|$ then to count the number of objects in $A$.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\bf Example 1: }Count the number of integers between 1 and 600, which are not divisible by 6.\\
{\bf Ans . } Here $U$ = the whole set = 600 \\
$A$ = \{$x:x$ is between 1 and 600 and not divisible by 6 \}
\begin{eqnarray*}
\overline{A} &=& \{x : x \not\in A \} \\
&=& \{ x : x/6 \}\\
&=&600/6\\
&=& 100\\
therefore,\\
|A| &=& |U|-\overline{|A|} \\
&=&600-100\\
&=&500\\
\end{eqnarray*}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\Large \bf DIVISON PRINCIPLE :}
{\it Let $S$ be a finite set that is partitioned into $k$ parts in such a way that each part contains the same number of objects. Then the number of parts in the partition is given by the rule \\
$$k = \frac{|S|}{ number \hspace{.2cm} of \hspace{.2cm}objects\hspace{.2cm} in\hspace{.2cm} a\hspace{.2cm} part }$$}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Four Basic Counting Principles}
{\Large \bf DIVISON PRINCIPLE :}
{\it Let $S$ be a finite set that is partitioned into $k$ parts in such a way that each part contains the same number of objects. Then the number of parts in the partition is given by the rule \\
$$k = \frac{|S|}{ number \hspace{.2cm} of \hspace{.2cm}objects\hspace{.2cm} in\hspace{.2cm} a\hspace{.2cm} part }$$}
Thus, we can determine the number of parts if we know the number of objects in $S$
and the common value of the number of objects in the parts.{\vspace{1cm}}
{\bf Example : } There are 740 pigeons in a collection of pigeonholes. If each pigeonhole contains 5 pigeons, the number of pigeonholes equals\\
$$740/5 =148$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
Let $r$ be a positive integer. By an $r$-$permutation$ of a set $S$ of $ n$ elements, we understand an ordered arrangement of $ r$ of the $n$ elements.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
Let $r$ be a positive integer. By an $r$-$permutation$ of a set $S$ of $ n$ elements, we understand an ordered arrangement of $ r$ of the $n$ elements. If
$$S = \{ a , b ,c \} $$
then the 1-$permutation$ of $S$ are
$$a \hspace{2cm} b \hspace{2cm} c$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
Let $r$ be a positive integer. By an $r$-$permutation$ of a set $S$ of $ n$ elements, we understand an ordered arrangement of $ r$ of the $n$ elements. If
$$S = \{ a , b ,c \} $$
then the 1-$permutation$ of $S$ are
$$a \hspace{2cm} b \hspace{2cm} c$$
\\the six 2-$permutations$ of $S$ are
$$ab \hspace{1cm} ac \hspace{1cm} ba \hspace{1cm} bc \hspace{1cm}ca \hspace{1cm} cb $$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
Let $r$ be a positive integer. By an $r$-$permutation$ of a set $S$ of $ n$ elements, we understand an ordered arrangement of $ r$ of the $n$ elements. If
$$S = \{ a , b ,c \} $$
then the 1-$permutation$ of $S$ are
$$a \hspace{2cm} b \hspace{2cm} c$$
\\the six 2-$permutations$ of $S$ are
$$ab \hspace{1cm} ac \hspace{1cm} ba \hspace{1cm} bc \hspace{1cm}ca \hspace{1cm} cb $$
the six 3-$permutations$ of $S$ are
\\
$$abc \hspace{1cm}acb \hspace{1cm} bac \hspace{1cm} bca \hspace{1cm} cab \hspace{1cm} cba$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
{\bf Theorem 1 : }For $n$ and $r$ positive integers with $ r \le n$.\\
$$P( n , r) = n \times (n-1) \times ......\times (n - r + 1)$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
{\bf Theorem 1 : }For $n$ and $r$ positive integers with $ r \le n$.\\
$$P( n , r) = n \times (n-1) \times ......\times (n - r + 1)$$
{\bf Results :} For a non-negative integer n, we define $n$! by
$$n!=n\times(n-1)\times\dots\times2\times1$$
with the convention that 0!=1. We may then write
$$P(n,r)=\frac{n!}{(n-r)!}$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
{\bf Theorem 1 : }For $n$ and $r$ positive integers with $ r \le n$.\\
$$P( n , r) = n \times (n-1) \times ......\times (n - r + 1)$$
{\bf Results :} For a non-negative integer n, we define $n$! by
$$n!=n\times(n-1)\times\dots\times2\times1$$
with the convention that 0!=1. We may then write
$$P(n,r)=\frac{n!}{(n-r)!}$$
{\bf Example 1 : } The number of 4-letter ``words" that can be formed by using each of letters $a$, $b$, $c$, $d$, $e$ at most once is $P(5,4)$, and this equals 5!/ (5-4)! = 120. The number of 5-letter words equals $P(5,5)$, which is also 120 .
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
{\bf Theorem 2: } The number of circular $r$-permutations of a set of n elements is given by
$$\frac{P(n,r)}{r} = \frac{n!}{r\times(n-r)!}$$
In particular, the number of circular permutations of $n$ elements is $(n-1)!$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation}
{\bf Theorem 2: } The number of circular $r$-permutations of a set of n elements is given by
$$\frac{P(n,r)}{r} = \frac{n!}{r\times(n-r)!}$$
In particular, the number of circular permutations of $n$ elements is $(n-1)!$
{\bf Example :}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutations}
There are some results in permutation. they are {\vspace{.5cm}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item $P(n,n)=n!${\vspace{.3cm}}
\item $P(n,0)=\frac{n!}{(n-0)!}=1${\vspace{.3cm}}
\item $P(n,1)=1${\vspace{.3cm}}
\item $P(n,n-1)=n!$
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
If $S$ is a multiset, an $r$-$permutation$ of $S$ is an ordered arrangement of $r$ of the objects of $S$. If the total number of objects of $S$ is $n$ (counting repetitions), then an $n$-permutation of $S$ will also be called a $permutation$ of $S$.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
If $S$ is a multiset, an $r$-$permutation$ of $S$ is an ordered arrangement of $r$ of the objects of $S$. If the total number of objects of $S$ is $n$ (counting repetitions), then an $n$-permutation of $S$ will also be called a $permutation$ of $S$. For example, if $S$= $\{2.a, 1.b, 3.c\}$, then
$$acbc \hspace{1cm} cbcc$$
are 4-permutations of $S$, while
$$abccca$$
is a permutation of $S$.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
If $S$ is a multiset, an $r$-$permutation$ of $S$ is an ordered arrangement of $r$ of the objects of $S$. If the total number of objects of $S$ is $n$ (counting repetitions), then an $n$-permutation of $S$ will also be called a $permutation$ of $S$. For example, if $S$= $\{2.a, 1.b, 3.c\}$, then
$$acbc \hspace{1cm} cbcc$$
are 4-permutations of $S$, while
$$abccca$$
is a permutation of $S$.\\{\bf Remark :} The multiset $S$ has no 7-permutations since 7 is greater then 2+1+3=6, the number of objects of $S$.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
We count the number of $r$-permutations of a multiset $S${\vspace{1cm}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item each of whose repetition number is infinite.{\vspace{1cm}}
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation Of Multiset}
We count the number of $r$-permutations of a multiset $S${\vspace{1cm}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item each of whose repetition number is infinite.{\vspace{1cm}}
\item each of whose repetition number is finite.
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
{\bf Theorem 1:} Let S be a multiset with objects of k different types, where each has an infinite repetition number. Then the number of $r$-permutations of $S$ is $k^r$.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
{\bf Theorem 1:} Let S be a multiset with objects of k different types, where each has an infinite repetition number. Then the number of $r$-permutations of $S$ is $k^r$.\\{\vspace{1cm}}
{\bf Example 1:} What is the number of ternary numerals with at most 4 digits.\\
{\bf Ans. } The answer to this question is the number of 4-permutations of the multiset $\{ \infty.0, \infty.1, \infty.2 \}$ or of the multiset $ \{ 4.0, 4.1, 4.2 \} $. By previous Theorem, this number equals $3^4=81$.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
{\bf Theorem 2: }Let $S$ be a multiset with objects of $k$ different types with finite repetition numbers $n_1,n_2,\dots,n_k$, respectively. Let the size of $S$ be $n=n_1+n_2+\dots+n_k$. Then the number of permutations of $S$ equals
$$ \frac{n!}{n_1!n_2!\dots n_k!}.$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Permutation of Multiset}
{\bf Theorem 2: }Let $S$ be a multiset with objects of $k$ different types with finite repetition numbers $n_1,n_2,\dots,n_k$, respectively. Let the size of $S$ be $n=n_1+n_2+\dots+n_k$. Then the number of permutations of $S$ equals
$$ \frac{n!}{n_1!n_2!\dots n_k!}.$$
{\bf Example 2: } The number of permutation of the letters in the word MISSISSIPPI is
$$\frac{11!}{1!4!4!2!},$$
since this number equals the number of permutations of the multiset $\{ 1.M, 4.I, 4.S, 2.P \}$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations}
Let $r$ be a non negative integer. By an $r$-$combination$ of a set $S$ of $n$ elements, we understand an unordered selection of $r$ of the $n$ objects of $S$.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations}
Let $r$ be a non negative integer. By an $r$-$combination$ of a set $S$ of $n$ elements, we understand an unordered selection of $r$ of the $n$ objects of $S$. If $S= \{a,b,c,d\}$, then
$$ \{a,b,c\} , \{a,b,d\} ,\{a,c,d\}, \{b,c,d\}$$
are the four 3-$cobination$ of $S$.
We denote by $\binom{n}{r}$ the number of $r$-combinations of an $n$-element set.
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations}
Let $r$ be a non negative integer. By an $r$-$combination$ of a set $S$ of $n$ elements, we understand an unorderd selection of $r$ of the $n$ objects of $S$. If $S= \{a,b,c,d\}$, then
$$ \{a,b,c\} , \{a,b,d\} ,\{a,c,d\}, \{b,c,d\}$$
are the four 3-$cobination$ of $S$.
We denote by $\binom{n}{r}$ the number of $r$-combinations of an $n$-element set. Obviously,
\\ $$\binom{n}{r} = 0 \hspace{1cm} if \hspace{.5cm} r>n.$$
also, $$\binom{0}{r}=0 \hspace{1cm} if \hspace{.5cm} r>0.$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations}
the following additional facts are readily seen to be true for each non-negative integer n:{\vspace{.8cm}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item $\binom{n}{0} = 1${\vspace{.4cm}}
\item $\binom{n}{1} = n${\vspace{.4cm}}
\item $\binom{n}{n} = 1 ${\vspace{.4cm}}
\item $\binom{0}{0} = 1${\vspace{.4cm}}
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations}
{\bf Theorem :} For $ 0 \le r \le n,$
$$P(n,r)=r!{\binom{n}{r}}.$$
Hence, $$\binom{n}{r} = \frac{n!}{r!(n-r)!}.$$
\pause
{\bf Example :} Twenty-five points are chosen in the plane so that no three of them are collinear. How many straight lines do they determine?\\
{\bf Ans.} Since no three of the points lie on a line, every pair of points determines a unique straight line. Thus, the number of straight lines determined equals the number of 2-combinations of a 25-element set, and this is given by
$$\binom{25}{2}=\frac{25!}{2!23!}=300.$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations of Multiset}
If $S$ is a multiset, then an $r$-$combination$ of $S$ is an unordered selection of $r$ of the objects of $S$. Thus, an $r$-combination of $S$ is itself a multiset, a submultiset of $S$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item If $S$ has $n$ objects, then there is is only one $n$-combination of $S$, namely, $S$ itself.
\item If $S$ contains objects of $k$ different types, then there are $k$ 1-combinations of $S$.
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations of Multiset}
If $S$ is a multiset, then an $r$-$combination$ of $S$ is an unordered selection of $r$ of the objects of $S$. Thus, an $r$-combination of $S$ is itself a multiset, a submultiset of $S$.
\begin{enumerate}
\item If $S$ has $n$ objects, then there is is only one $n$-combination of $S$, namely, $S$ itself.
\item If $S$ contains objects of $k$ different types, then there are $k$ 1-combinations of $S$.
\end{enumerate}
{\bf Example :} If $S$=$\{2.a, 1.b, 3.c \}$, then the 3-combinations of $S$ are
$$\{2.a,1.b\},\hspace{1cm}\{2.a,1.c\},\hspace{1cm}\{1.a,1.b,1.c\},$$
$$\{1.a,2.c\},\hspace{1cm}\{1.b,2.c\},\hspace{1cm}\{3.c\}.$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations of Multiset}
{\bf Theorem :} Let $S$ be a multiset with objects of $k$ types, each with an infinite repetition number. Then the number of $r$-combinations of $S$ equals
$$\binom{r+k-1}{r}=\binom{r+k-1}{k-1}$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Combinations of Multiset}
{\bf Theorem :} Let $S$ be a multiset with objects of $k$ types, each with an infinite repetition number. Then the number of $r$-combinations of $S$ equals
$$\binom{r+k-1}{r}=\binom{r+k-1}{k-1}$$
{\bf Example :} A bakery boasts 8 varieties of doughnuts. If a box of doughnuts contain 1 dozen, how many different options are there for a box of doughnuts? \\
{\bf Ans. } It is assumed that the bakery has on hand a large number (at least 12) of each variety. This is a combination problem, since we assume the of order of the doughnuts in a box is a box is irrelevant for the purchaser's purpose. The number of different options for boxes equals the number of 12-combinations of a multiset with objects of 8 types, each having an infinite repetition number. This number equals \\
$$\binom{12+8-1}{12}=\binom{19}{12}$$
\end{frame}
\section{}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Conclusion}
We have discuss these following topics :{\vspace{.2cm}}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Using the Counting Principles{\vspace{.2cm}}
\item Finding the simple way of permutation{\vspace{.2cm}}
\item Solving the Problem of Permutation{\vspace{.2cm}}
\item Finding the simple way of permutation of Multiset{\vspace{.2cm}}
\item Finding the simple way of Combinations{\vspace{.2cm}}
\item Solving the Problem of Combinations{\vspace{.2cm}}
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}
\section{References}
\begin{frame}
\frametitle{References}
\begin{thebibliography}{5}
\bibitem{beamer} \emph{ Richard A. Brualdi: $Introductory$ $Combinatorics$, Fourth edition. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 2008.}{\vspace{.6cm}}
\bibitem{beamer2} \emph{C.L.Liu: Elements of Discrete Mathemathics, Second Edition. Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois, 2000 }{\vspace{.6cm}}
\bibitem{beamer2} \emph{Ralph P.Grimaldi: Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics, Fifth edition.USA: Rose–Hulman Institute of Technology,2003}{\vspace{1cm}}
\end{thebibliography}
\end{frame}
\section{}
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\frametitle{ Counting principle, Permutation and Combination}
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